@article { author = {Baker, Ramon}, title = {Contemporary Shifts in the Christian Doctrine of Hell in Anglo-American Philosophical Theology}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {5-16}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {This problem of hell is a specific form of the problem of evil. The possibility that perhaps a great number of people will end up in an eternal hell is a problem for the Christian who also confesses faith in an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God. In this paper, I shall introduce issuantist views of hell and show that the basic formulations of this perspective do not provide an adequate answer to the problem of hell. Issuantist scholars themselves, however, recognize this weakness and add a wide range of possible supplements to their basic perspective. Some of these supplemented versions succeed in presenting reasonable answers to the problem of hell. One of the key reasons for the shift in interpretations of hell is a perceived failure on the part of other interpretations of hell to give adequate answers to the problem of hell. It is my conclusion, however, that with the addition of some of the same supplements, versions of annihilationism/ conditionalism and hell as eternal conscious torment can be advanced that succeed just as well in presenting answers to the problem of hell as those advanced by issuantist scholars, thus rendering some of their critique of retributive perspectives on hell unfounded.}, keywords = {hell,Eternal Punishment,Free Will}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39276.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39276_e0cbfa2c5d0e07faec50ed5e7c4a4a33.pdf} } @article { author = {Azadpur, Mohammad}, title = {Intentionality, Politics, And Religion}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {17-22}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {The idea that intentionality is the distinctive mark of the mental or that only mental phenomena have intentionality emerged in the philosophical tradition after Franz Brentano. Much of contemporary philosophy is dedicated to a rejection of the view that mental phenomena have original intentionality. In other words, main strands of contemporary philosophy seek to naturalize intentionality of the mental by tracing it to linguistic intentionality. So in order to avoid the problematic claim that a physical phenomenon can in virtue of its own physical structure mean exactly one thing, they adopt a form of holism. Nevertheless, contemporary philosophers are attracted to a naturalist story about the emergence of the logical space. In this work, I am interested in the naturalism and the holism advocated by Wilfrid Sellars and developed by the Pittsburgh school. It is not only a view that I find theoretically attractive but I also admire it for its fecund engagement with the history of philosophy, especially the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and, as I will argue, Abū Nas̩r Muḥammad al-Fārābī (Alfarabi).}, keywords = {intentionality,Politics,religion,Franz Brentano,Wilfrid Sellars}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39278.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39278_a61953e32c2c18cbd7a5e3f5b0e24887.pdf} } @article { author = {Tugnoli, Claudio}, title = {The Problem of Evil in the Thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {23-38}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {Throughout all of Rousseau’s works there is tension between reason and conscience. Reason binds men when they think correctly, but divides them when they place it at the service of self-interest. Conversely, the universality of conscience is immediate and transparent: it transmits the truth of the existence of God and of the universal principles that underlie human action, despite the differences of particular legislations. Mankind possesses an innate and intuitive conscience of the fundamental principles by which its conduct must be inspired. Were we to consider human actions only according to the criterion of physical need, of causality, and of movement, vices and virtues would disappear, and terms like morality and honesty would have no meaning. But each one of us perceives from within that this is not the case. We feel that moral good and evil are more real than anything else, without any need whatsoever to prove it. To obey the conscience one has of good and evil without human mediation means to reject the dogmatic formalism of religions, as well as the vanity of philosophical disputes. Every human being, however, is situated in a national community. What should the state’s attitude be vis-à-vis religion? Rousseau indicates two paths. The first consists in establishing a purely civil religion that admits only those dogmas that are truly useful to society. Rousseau highlights the contradiction of a Christian religion that, although it is the religion of peace par excellence, fuels continuing bloody clashes among men due to a dogmatic theology that is totally alien to the essence of the Gospel and extremely hazardous for the life of the state. The second path consists in allowing Christianity to retain its authentic spirit, its freedom from any material constraint, without any obligations other than those of individual conscience. The Christian religion cannot but benefit the state, as long as one does not make it part of the constitution.}, keywords = {Rousseau,Voltaire,reason versus conscience,moral evil,physical evil,Lisbon earthquake,unforeseeability of God,job,Free Will}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39291.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39291_7cd0bb16a09b3deddf91a7b79cf64079.pdf} } @article { author = {Moafi, Mohammad Javad}, title = {Equivalency and Non-equivalency of Lexical Items in English Translations of Nahj al-balagha}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {39-48}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {Lexical items play a key role in both language in general and translation in particular. Likewise, equivalence is a controversial concept discussed so widely in translation studies. Some theorists deem it to be fundamental in translation theory and define translation in terms of equivalence. The aim of this study is to identify the problems of lexical gaps in two translations of Nahj al-balagha in order to look closely at what possible difficulties translators may undergo. It also seeks to explore the strategies applied accordingly. Some pieces of Nahj al-balagha and two English translations for them are selected, and religious items of the source text and also the strategies applied by the translators to transfer these items are extracted.}, keywords = {Lexical gaps,equivalence,religious items,conceptual strategies}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39293.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39293_24681f4dbd2154b4c0a69ebdf60949e5.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimian, Saeed and Mohammad Zadeh, Erfaneh}, title = {The Relationship between the Continuous Imaginal World and the Discontinuous Imaginative Faculty in Ascending and Descending Arcs according to Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {49-62}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {One of the most important issues for Muslim philosophers is the continuous imaginal world and its relationship with the discontinuous imaginative faculty. The continuous imaginal world is a perceptive faculty of the soul known as the faculty of imagination. The discontinuous imaginative faculty is the order of the universe called the imaginal world, which Muslim philosophers have portrayed in ascending and descending arcs. Linking the discontinuous imaginative faculty in descending and ascending arcs occurs through the continuous imaginal; however, in order to link to the discontinuous imaginative faculty, which enjoys intermediate immateriality, this faculty should also enjoy intermediate immateriality. Suhrawardi explicitly introduced the discontinuous imaginative faculty, but he was not able to explain the relationship between the discontinuous and continuous imaginal world and the discontinuous imaginative faculty correctly, since he does not believe in the immateriality of the continuous imaginal world. Nonetheless, his intellectual efforts paved the way for Mulla Sadra. Proving the immateriality of discontinuous imagination, Mulla Sadra could truly explain its relationship with the discontinuous imaginative faculty by means of ascending and descending arcs. Thus, through the ideas of Mulla Sadra, the revelations of mystics and prophets are made sense of by descending arcs, and all the promises of divine religions are justified in ascending arcs.}, keywords = {continuous imaginal world,discontinuous imaginative faculty,intermediate immateriality,descending and ascending arcs}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39295.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39295_538aa6387ed561cee1a43afd474e13fe.pdf} } @article { author = {Deniz, Dilşa}, title = {The Path: Dızgun Bawa, As an Example of Relation between Belief and Life Style}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {63-82}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {This article is an anthropological examination and analysis of a Dersim-based mythical story, focusing on its meaning and function in belief and the practice of daily life. Within this scope, the Dızgun Bawa myth, revolving around a central sacred figure, is broached and analyzed here as a text comprising a basis for the construction of collective discourses giving way to socially functional meanings and forms of behavior. This mythical story serves as a vehicle for a discussion of its repercussions over history, contemporary discourse, and daily life. Discussions in the article also center upon a stateless society’s effort to protect itself from the central state and its forces, the construction of the discourse of this effort, and its function in its implementation. With the hermeneutic and anthropological method pursued here, the ultimate aim of the article is to approach the effects of the story’s content over the identity, personality, and eco-politics of the society in question.}, keywords = {Dızgun Bawa,Belief,Life style,Dersim,eco-politics}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39296.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_39296_10712f11276bac507b507333ff888fc0.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The complete version of this issue}, journal = {Religious Inquiries}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {1-100}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Religions and Denominations Press}, issn = {2322-4894}, eissn = {2538-6271}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_45334.html}, eprint = {https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_45334_ff9dc0ac0a550fda39e36e52a92943d5.pdf} }