Meanings of Foundational Virtue in Islamic Mystical Ethics: A Case Study of Honesty

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

10.22034/ri.2019.91131

Abstract

In mystical ethics, some virtues have a foundational role in relation to other virtues; that is, other virtues are in some ways dependent on, conditional to, or rooted in them. This is a gradational concept, and therefore one can speak of foundational and more foundational among foundational virtues in mysticism. Honesty is the most foundational virtue in mystical ethics, and other virtues are in some way dependent on it. Studying mystical ethics sources, we find six types or six meanings of foundational, all of which apply to honesty: origin, prerequisite, overlapping, companion, companion of perfection, and standard. This article explains and describes these six meanings and their application to honesty in mystical sources.

Keywords

References

Ansari, Khwaja ‘Abd Allah. 1362 Sh. Tabaqat al-Sufiyya. Edited by M. S. Molayi. Tehran: Tus.
Ansari, Khwaja ‘Abd Allah. 1417 AH. Manazil al-sa‘irin. Qom: Dar al-‘Ilm.
Ansari, Khwaja ‘Abd Allah. 1377 Sh. Majmu‘a rasa’il Farsi Khwaja ‘Abd Allah Ansari. Tehran: Tus.
Ansari, Zakariyya b. Muhammad al-. n.d. Nata’ij al-afkar al-qudsiyya fi bayan sharh al-Risala al-qushayriyya. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Bakri, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-. 1421 AH. Al-Anwar fi ‘ilm al-asrar wa-maqamat al-abrar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Baqli, Ruzbahan. 1426 AH. Mashrab al-arwah. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Bayhaqi, Ahmad b. al-Husayn al-. 1438 AH. Shuʿab al-iman. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Ghazali, Muhammad al-. n.d. Ihya’ ‘ulum al-din. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi.
Ghazali, Muhammad al-. 1416 AH. Majmuʿat rasaʾil al-imam al-Ghazali. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Hirawi, Najib Mayil, ed. 1383 Sh. In barg-hayi pir. Tehran: Nashr Ney.
Ibn Abi Jumhur, Muhammad b. Ali. 1403 AH. ‘Awali al-la’ali al-‘aziziyya fi l-ahadith al-diniyya. Edited by M. Iraqi and S. Mar‘ashi. Qom.
Ibn Abi Jumhur, Muhammad b. Ali. 1416 AH. Majmu‘at rasa’il al-imam al-Ghazali. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Ibn Abi Jumhur, Muhammad b. Ali. 1383 Sh. Kimiya-yi sa‘adat. Tehran: Intisharat ‘Ilmi wa Farhangi.
Ibn ‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din. 1367 AH. Majmu‘at rasa’il Ibn ‘Arabi. Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
Ibn ‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din. 1414 AH. Al-Tariq ila Allah: Al-Shaykh wa-l-murid min kalam al-Shaykh al-Akbar. Damascus: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi.
Ibn ‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din. 1994. Al-Futuhat al-makkiyya. Edited by ‘Uthman Yahya. Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
Ibn ‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din. 2006. Al-Kawkab al-durri fi manaqib Dhi al-Nun al-Misri. Al-Maktabat al-Azhariyya.
Ibn Qayyim, Muhammad b. Abi Bakr. 1425 AH. Madarij al-salikin bayn manazil iyyaka na‘bud wa-iyyaka nasta‘in. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
[Imam al-Sadiq, Ja’far b. Muhammad?]. 1400 AH. Misbah al-shari‘a. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-A‘lami li-l-Matbu‘at.
Jilani, ‘Abd al-Qadir al-. 1426 AH. Al-Fath al-rabbani wa-l-fayd al-rahmani. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.
Jilani, ‘Abd al-Qadir al-. 1428a AH. Futuh al-ghayb. Beirut: Dar al-Hadi.
Jilani, ‘Abd al-Qadir al-. 1428b AH. Sirr al-asrar wa-mazhar al-anwar fi-ma yahtaj ilayh al-abrar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Kashani, Mahmud b. ‘Ali. n.d. Misbah al-hidaya wa-miftah al-kifaya. Tehran: Nashr Homa.
Kharkushi, ‘Abd al-Malik al-. 1427 AH. Tahdhib al-asrar fi usul al-tasawwuf. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Kharraz, Ahmad b. ‘Isa al-. 1421 AH. Kitab al-Sidq/al-Tariq al-salima. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Faqih Kirmani, ‘Imad al-Din. 1374 Sh. Tariqat namah. Tehran: Asatir.
Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. 1403 AH. Bihar al-anwar. Beirut: al-Wafa’.
Marwazi, Qutb al-Din Mansur al-. 1362 Sh. Manaqib al-sufiyya. Tehran: Intisharat Mawla.
Muhasibi, al-Harith b. Asad al-. 1986. Al-Wasaya. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Muhasibi, al-Harith b. Asad al-. 1420 AH. Al-Ri‘ayah li-huquq Allah. Dar al-Yaqin.
Muhasibi, al-Harith b. Asad al-. 1428 AH. Adab al-nufus. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyya.
Nafzi, Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-. 1428 AH. Ghayth al-mawahib al-ʿaliyya fi sharh al-hikam al-ʿataʾiyya. Annotated by A. ʿAbd al-Salam. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Qasani, ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-. 1380 Sh. Majmu‘at rasa’il wa musannafat Kashani.  Tehran: Mirath Maktub.
Qasani, ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-. 1426a AH. Istilahat al-sufiyya. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Qasani, ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-. 1426b AH. Lata’if al-a‘lam fi isharat ahl al-ilham. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.
Qasani, ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-. 1385 Sh. Sharh Manazil al-sa’irin. Qom: Intisharat Bidar.
Qushayri, ‘Abd al-Karim al-. 1389 AH. Arba‘ rasa’il fi al-tasawwuf. Baghdad: Matba‘at al-Majma‘ al-‘Ilmi al-‘Iraqi.
Qushayri, ‘Abd al-Karim al-. 1374 Sh. Al-Risala al-qushayriyya. Tehran: Nashr ‘Ilmi wa Farhangi.
Qushayri, ‘Abd al-Karim al-. 1422 AH. Sharh asma’ Allah al-husna. Cairo: Dar al-Hazm li-l-Turath.
Razi al-Asadi, Najm al-Din al-. 1425 AH. Manarat al-sa’irin ila hadrat Allah wa-maqamat al-ta’irin. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Razi al-Asadi, Najm al-Din al-. 1386 Sh. Marmuzat asadi dar marmuzat dawudi. Edited by M. R. Shafiʿi Kadkani. Tehran: Sukhan.
Razi, Muhammad b. Abi Bakr al-. 1422 AH. Hada’iq al-haqa’iq. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.
Rumi, Mawlana Jalal al-Din Muhammad. 1375 Sh. Mathnawi Ma‘nawi. Tehran: Intisharat Pajuhish.
Shadhili, Muhammad b. Amad al-. 1428 AH. Qawanin hikam al-ishraq ila kaffat al-sufiyya bi-jami‘ al-afaq. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya.
Siraj al-Tusi, Abu Nasr al-. 1914. Al-Luma‘ fi al-tasawwuf. Leiden: Brill.
Suhrawardi, ʿUmar b. Muhammad al-. ʿAwarif al-maʿarif. Edited by A. A. al-Sayih and T. A. Wahba. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.
Sulami, Muhammad b. al-Husayn al-. 1369 Sh. Majmu‘at athar al-Sulami. Markaz Nashr Danishgahi.
Sulami, Muhammad b. al-Husayn al-. 1414 AH. Tis‘a kutub fi usul al-tasawwuf wa-l-zuhd. Al-Nashir li-l-Tiba‘a wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzi‘ wa-l-I‘lan.
Tabadkani, Shams al-Din Muhammad. 1382 Sh. Tasnim al-muqarrabin. Tehran: Majlis Shura Islami Iran.
Tilimsani, Sulayman b. ‘Ali al-. 1371 Sh. Sharh Manazil al-sa’irin. Qom: Intisharat Bidar.
Tusi, Nasir al-Din. 1373 Sh. Awsaf al-ashraf. Tehran. Tehran: Vizarat Irshad Islami.
Yafi‘i, ‘Abd Allah b. As‘ad. 1424 AH. Nashr al-mahasin al-ghaliya fi fada‘il mashayikh al-sufiyya ashab al-maqamat al-‘aliya. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics